高温下的劳动者 高温下的劳动者应享有哪些权利
高温下的劳动者
高温下的劳动者应享有哪些权利
1、合理安排作息时间，避开高温时段，趁早晚较为凉爽的时间抓紧施工。2、夏季高温露天作业应严格按要求佩戴好安全帽。3、从业人员要学习夏季安全施工知识，掌握相关预防及防护技能。4、在封闭(半封闭)空间内的高温作业场所，要采取恰当措施，搞好通风和降温，避免中暑。5、高温天气应做好压力容器防高温、防晒处理。6、夏季高温要注意个人卫生，不吃不洁的食物;防蚊虫叮咬，预防季节性疾病。7、夏季施工天气炎热，多存在穿拖鞋、赤膊上岗的情况，这些情况应严格禁止并加强对劳动防护用品的正确使用和佩戴的检查。8、夏季施工应做好防火措施，氧气乙炔瓶在使用过程中应严格遵守安全操作规程，做好防曝晒工作。二、钢筋施工注意事项1、钢筋严禁随意堆放，应统一安排进行运输及堆放。2、钢筋加工厂及施工现场半成品堆放处，应做好防水防锈措施。3、堆放时应在底部垫上防护木，防止积水对钢筋造成锈蚀。4、雨水天气，对钢筋进行覆盖土工膜，并检查土工膜是否漏水。5、严禁堆放在挖掘出的素土上，容易使方木陷入土体中，使钢筋和土直接接触，造成钢筋锈蚀。6、夏季室外施工，搬运钢筋时严禁工人裸手直接接触钢筋，以免造成烫伤。7、在钢筋绑扎的时候，做好防护措施。三、施工模板1、夏季施工模板集中堆放时，应在场地内放置消防器材，避免由于气温干燥而引起火灾。2、材料集中堆放时应安排人员专门进行巡视，现场不可出现明火。3、施工模板、梁、墙模板必须留设清扫口或出水口，模板脱模剂涂刷后遇雨应覆盖塑料布，以防隔离层被雨水冲掉。4、钢管架料如支撑在回填土上，应垫好枕木、垫板，雨后应及时检查模板、支架的牢固性，稳定性以及模板的截面尺寸等是否有变化。5、雨天使用的木模板拆下后放平，以免变形并及时清理，刷脱模剂如遇大雨过后应重新刷一遍。6、模板拼装后尽快浇筑混凝土，防止模板日晒遇雨变形。若模板拼装后不能及时浇筑混凝土，又被雨水淋过，则浇筑混凝土前重新检查，加固模板和支撑。7、模板和构件：堆放场地硬化处理，插靠要牢固。雨天支好的模板，雨后进行浇筑砼前，对其模板、支撑要进行认真检查，以防模板支撑松动。8、大块模板落地时，地面应坚实，并支撑牢固。9、主体结构所用的模板、方木拆除后及时吊运到指定料场，防止模板、方木被日晒雨淋。四、混凝土施工1、配合比调整调整配合比要充分考虑坍落度的损失，为了减小混凝土坍落度损失，避免水化热集中。可以调整原材料选用水化热较低的水泥，也可以通过调整复合外加剂的掺入量延缓混凝土的凝结时间，以满足施工要求。2、混凝土的搅拌和运输炎热季节搅拌混凝土应采取有效措施控制混凝土拌制温度。通过采用低温水拌制，对骨料采用凉水冲洗，以及采取措施控制水泥入机温度，从而降低混凝土拌和温度。①夏季对混凝土运输车身浇洒凉水以避免钢罐体热量传入混凝土导致混凝土温度升高。每次混凝土施工前，要求施工的每辆混凝土输送车均应先用水进行润湿降温，避免混凝土内的水分因高湿蒸发而降低了混凝土的施工质量。②混凝土运输过程中，应保持道路的平坦、畅通，混凝土在运输过程中应保持其匀质性，运到浇筑地点时做到不分层、不离析，并具有要求的坍落度和含气量等工作性能。③采用泵送施工的混凝土，泵管要求采用毛毡包裹，并经常性地在泵管表面上洒水，降低泵管因日光照射、混凝土摩擦后温度升高，避免混凝土塌落度的损失与堵管现象的发生。④混凝土灌注时，要注意打水和砂浆润湿泵管。混凝土运输设备的运输能力要适应混凝土的凝结速度和浇筑速度的需要，保证浇筑过程连续进行。3、混凝土的浇筑①加强施工中的温度观测，可避免产生温度裂缝。②采取适当的温度控制措施：降低浇筑温度，在具体的施工中应注意骨料防晒，加冰屑或冰水搅拌混凝土，运输中的容器加盖，防止日晒；降低水化热温升，选择合理的原材料，采用良好的配合比，来降低水泥用量；为防止表面裂缝，可采取提高混凝土表面温度的措施，如在混凝土结构的外露面覆盖保温，搭设保温棚和覆盖塑料薄膜。③浇筑大体积混凝土，可以在结构内埋设冷却水管（蛇形管），通过循环水进行冷却。4、混凝土的养护夏季浇筑的混凝土，如养护不当，会造成混凝土强度降低或表面出现塑性收缩裂缝等。①在修整作业完成后或混凝土初凝后立即进行养护，采用洒水养护方法，连续养护。在混凝土浇筑后的前7天，应保证混凝土处于充分的湿润状态。②完成规定的养护，拆膜时最好为其表面提供潮湿的覆盖层。③混凝土养护用水必须采用自来水或检测合格水源，不得采用污水或酸性水。洒水次数应以混凝土表面湿润状态为度。④如采用人工洒水、喷淋养护，混凝土表面可用土工布、麻袋、棉毡等吸水材料覆盖（包裹）严实，不露边露角、洒水喷淋的间隔时间短。覆盖物内外自始至终要保持水分，防止干湿循环。一般来说养护水温不宜低于15℃，且养护水温与混凝土的表面温度相差不宜高于15℃，以防混凝土表面裂纹。⑤如采用混凝土表面包裹塑料薄膜保湿养护，塑料薄膜应具有一定的抗裂、抗拉强度，与柔韧性。混凝土脱模后，应先在混凝土表面洒水湿润，立即包裹严实，塑料薄膜要紧贴混凝土表面，不漏缝、不透风。在养护期限内，混凝土表面自始至终要出现水珠。为使混凝土表面保持湿润状态，可定期向塑料薄膜内喷洒水，要经常检查薄膜的完整性。如发现有塑膜开脱破裂等现象，要及时修补完整。⑥根据不同的气象、气温条件与不同的结构特征，高性能混凝土的养护期限一般应控制在14～28天之内。在此养护期间内，要采用隔热的养护措施，保证混凝土的养护湿度满足要求，使混凝土的水化顺利进行。五、夏季防暑应急处理1、有中暑先兆及轻症者：立即离开高温作业环境，到阴凉、安静、空气流通处休息，松解衣服，饮用清凉饮料（淡盐水或浓茶）。重症或高热型者需进行急救：①迅速降温，置病人于凉爽通风处，解开衣服。②可在病人头部、两腋下、腹股沟区等处放置冰袋。③用冰水、冷水、酒精擦身或喷淋降低身体温度至38℃左右。④按摩四肢，防止血液淤滞。2、中暑人员每次饮水不宜超过毫升，切忌狂饮不止，因为大量饮水不但会冲淡胃液，进而影响消化功能，还会引起反射排汗亢进。造成体内的水分和盐分大量流失，严重者可以促使热痉挛的发生。3、热痉挛者除了按上述步骤进行急救外，还应给病人饮用适量的含盐饮料，有条件的静滴～生理盐水。4、病情严重的病人，应尽快把病人送往医院。六、预防中暑措施1、高温下工作时间不宜过久，尽量采用轮换或者间隙作业。2、降低劳动强度，备好防暑降温饮料，尽量多补充淡盐开水或含盐饮料。3、保证充足睡眠，多吃些营养丰富的水果和蔬菜。4、尽量穿透气、散热的棉质衣服。5、当气温在35°以上时，尽量杜绝午后露天作业。
Labourers in high temperatures What rights should workers enjoy under high temperature? 1. Reasonably arrange the work and rest time, avoid the high temperature period, and take advantage of the cooler time in the morning and evening to grasp the construction. 2. Safety helmet shall be worn in strict accordance with the requirements when working in the open air at high temperature in summer. 3. Employees should learn the knowledge of safe construction in summer and master relevant prevention and protection skills. 4. In high-temperature workplaces in closed (semi-closed) spaces, appropriate measures should be taken to do a good job of ventilation and cooling to avoid heatstroke. 5. Pressure vessels shall be protected from high temperature and sunscreen in high temperature weather. 6. Pay attention to personal hygiene at high temperature in summer, and do not eat unclean food; prevent mosquito bites. ? Prevent seasonal diseases. 7. In summer, the construction weather is hot, and there are many cases of wearing slippers and going to work naked. In these cases, it should be strictly prohibited and the inspection of the correct use and wearing of labor protection articles should be strengthened. 8. Fire prevention measures shall be taken for construction in summer. Oxygen and acetylene cylinders shall be used in strict accordance with the safety operation procedures and shall be protected against insolation. II. Precautions for rebar construction 1. It is strictly prohibited to stack rebars at will, and transportation and stacking shall be arranged uniformly. 2. Waterproof and rust-proof measures shall be taken at the reinforcement processing plant and the stacking place of semi-finished products on the construction site. 3. During stacking, protective wood shall be padded at the bottom to prevent water from rusting the reinforcement. 4. In rainy weather, cover the reinforcement with geomembrane and check whether the geomembrane leaks. 5. It is strictly prohibited to stack on the excavated plain soil, which is easy to make the square timber sink into the soil, so that the reinforcement and the soil are in direct contact, resulting in corrosion of the reinforcement. 6. During outdoor construction in summer, it is strictly prohibited for workers to directly contact the reinforcement with bare hands when handling the reinforcement, so as to avoid scalding. 7. Protective measures shall be taken during rebar binding. 3. Construction formwork 1. When the construction formwork is stacked in a centralized way in summer, fire fighting equipment should be placed in the site to avoid fire caused by dry temperature. 2. When the materials are stacked in a centralized manner, special personnel shall be arranged for patrol inspection, and no open fire is allowed on the site. 3. The construction formwork, beam and wall formwork must be provided with a cleaning port or water outlet, and the formwork shall be covered with plastic cloth in case of rain after the release agent is applied, so as to prevent the isolation layer from being washed away by the rain. 4. If the steel pipe frame material is supported on the backfill, it shall be padded with sleepers and base plates. After the rain, the firmness and stability of the formwork and support and the section size of the formwork shall be checked in time for any change. 5. The wooden formwork used in rainy days shall be removed and laid flat to avoid deformation and cleaned in time. The release agent shall be brushed again after heavy rain. 6. Concrete shall be poured as soon as possible after formwork assembly to prevent deformation of formwork in the sun and rain. If the formwork cannot be poured in time after assembly and is drenched by rain, re-check and reinforce the formwork and support before pouring concrete. 7. Formwork and components: the stacking yard shall be hardened, and the insertion shall be firm. Formwork erected in rainy days shall be carefully checked before concrete pouring after rain to prevent formwork support from loosening. 8. When the large formwork falls to the ground, the ground shall be solid and firmly supported. 9. The formwork and square timber used for the main structure shall be lifted to the designated material yard in time after being removed to prevent the formwork and square timber from being exposed to the sun and rain. 4. Concrete construction 1. Adjustment of mix proportion The loss of slump should be fully considered in order to reduce the loss of concrete slump and avoid the concentration of hydration heat. The raw materials can be adjusted to select the cement with lower hydration heat, and the setting time of the concrete can also be delayed by adjusting the mixing amount of the composite admixture so as to meet the construction requirements. 2. Mixing and transportation of concrete In hot seasons, effective measures shall be taken to control the mixing temperature of concrete. The concrete mixing temperature is reduced by mixing with low temperature water, washing the aggregate with cold water, and taking measures to control the temperature of cement entering the machine. ① Pour cold water on the concrete transport body in summer to prevent the heat of the steel tank from being transferred into the concrete and causing the temperature of the concrete to rise. Before each concrete construction, it is required that each concrete delivery vehicle shall be wetted with water to prevent the water in the concrete from evaporating due to high humidity and reducing the construction quality of the concrete. ② During the transportation of concrete, the road shall be kept flat and smooth, and the concrete shall be kept homogeneous during the transportation. When the concrete is transported to the pouring site, it shall not be layered or segregated, and it shall have the required slump and air content. ③ For concrete constructed by pumping, the pump pipe shall be wrapped with felt, and the surface of the pump pipe shall be sprinkled with water regularly to reduce the temperature rise of the pump pipe due to sunlight and concrete friction, so as to avoid the loss of concrete slump and the occurrence of pipe blockage. ④ When pouring concrete, pay attention to watering and mortar wetting the pump pipe. The transportation capacity of concrete transportation equipment shall meet the needs of concrete setting speed and pouring speed to ensure the continuous pouring process. 3. Concrete pouring ① Temperature observation during construction shall be strengthened to avoid temperature cracks. ② Take appropriate temperature control measures: reduce the pouring temperature, pay attention to the sunscreen of aggregate in the specific construction, add ice chips or ice water to mix the concrete, cover the container during transportation to prevent sunshine; reduce the temperature rise of hydration heat, select reasonable raw materials, and adopt good mix proportion to reduce the cement consumption; In order to prevent surface cracks, measures can be taken to increase the surface temperature of concrete, such as covering the exposed surface of concrete structure with insulation, setting up insulation shed and covering with plastic film. ③ When pouring mass concrete, cooling water pipes (serpentine pipes) can be buried in the structure and cooled by circulating water. 4. Curing of concrete If the concrete poured in summer is not cured properly, the concrete strength will be reduced or plastic shrinkage cracks will appear on the surface. ① Curing shall be carried out immediately after finishing or initial setting of concrete, and the watering curing method shall be adopted for continuous curing. The concrete shall be kept sufficiently wet for the first 7 days after it is placed. ② After completing the specified curing, it is better to provide a wet covering layer on the surface when removing the film. ③ Water for concrete curing must be tap water or qualified water source, and sewage or acidic water shall not be used. The frequency of sprinkling shall be based on the wet state of the concrete surface. ④ If artificial watering and spraying are used for curing, the concrete surface can be covered (wrapped) tightly with water-absorbing materials such as geotextile, gunny bags and cotton felts, with no exposed edges and corners, and the interval between watering and spraying is short. Moisture should be kept inside and outside the cover from beginning to end to prevent wet and dry cycles. Generally speaking, the curing water temperature should not be lower than 15 ℃, and the difference between the curing water temperature and the surface temperature of concrete should not be higher than 15 ℃ to prevent cracks on the surface of concrete.