麦卡锡：“内部的敌人”
约瑟夫·麦卡锡是美国极右政客，曾作为参议员，代表威斯康辛州。
冷战时期，美苏争霸，两国互派间谍进行斗争。美国社会在冷战初期反共意识强烈，对苏联渗透有恐惧情绪。
麦卡锡从政本无甚建树，但他利用冷战背景和社会情绪，开启了他的政治表演以获取权力和影响力。他在参议院任内炮制了一系列调查和听证，攻击了美国政府诸部门乃至军方的很多人，声称他们是苏联间谍。为此他曾一度权倾朝野，极为猖獗。但麦卡锡及其同伙的指控往往都是凭空而来，是美国版的“莫须有”。
麦卡锡主义（McCarthyism）后成为一个名词，指在不实证据基础上进行广泛的公开指控。
本文是麦卡锡于1950年在弗吉尼亚州惠林妇女俱乐部所作的演讲，引起了巨大轰动，使得麦卡锡在美国上下一举成名。
Enemies from Within
Delivered in Wheeling, West Virginia (1950)
Tonight as we celebrate the 141st birthday of one of the great men in American history, I would like to be able to talk about what a glorious day today is in the history of the world. As we celebrate the birth of this man, who with his whole heart and soul hated war, I would like to be able to speak of peace in our time, of war being outlawed, and of worldwide disarmament. These would be truly appropriate things to be able to mention as we celebrate the birthday of Abraham Lincoln.
今晚，在我们庆祝美国历史上一位伟人的141周年诞辰之际，我希望可以谈谈今天是世界历史上多么辉煌的一天。在我们庆祝这个全心全意痛恨战争的人的诞生之际，我希望可以谈谈我们这个时代的和平，谈谈取缔战争和全球裁军。在我们庆祝亚伯拉罕·林肯的生日之际，这些是可以谈及的真正恰当的事情。
Five years after a world war has been won, men's hearts should anticipate a long peace, and men's minds should be free from the heavy weight that comes with war. But this is not such a period -- for this is not a period of peace. This is a time of the Cold War. This is a time when all the world is split into two vast, increasingly hostile armed camps -- a time of a great armaments race.
世界大战胜利五年后，人们内心应该期待长久的和平，人们的思想应该摆脱战争带来的沉重负担。但现在不是这样的时期——因为这不是一个和平时期。这是冷战时代。这个时代全世界分成两个巨大的阵营，且越来越敌对——这是个大规模军备竞赛的时代。
Today we can almost physically hear the mutterings and rumblings of an invigorated god of war. You can see it, feel it, and hear it all the way from the hills of Indochina, from the shores of Formosa right over into the very heart of Europe itself. ...
今天，我们几乎可以亲耳听到蠢蠢欲动的战神在低吟浅唱。从印度支那（译注：该词汇已过时，意指东南亚）的山上，从台湾的海岸，一直到欧洲的心脏，你可以看到它，感受到它，听到它。...
Today we are engaged in a final, all-out battle between communistic atheism and Christianity. The modern champions of communism have selected this as the time. And, ladies and gentlemen, the chips are down -- they are truly down.
今天，我们进行着一场共产主义无神论和基督教信仰之间的最终的全面斗争。现代共产主义的拥护者已经选择了现在作为时机。女士们先生们，现在是危亡关头——真的是生死攸关。
Lest there be any doubt that the time has been chosen, let us go directly to the leader of communism today -- Joseph Stalin. Here is what he said -- not back in 1928, not before the war, not during the war -- but two years after the last war was ended: "To think that the communist revolution can be carried out peacefully, within the framework of a Christian democracy, means one has either gone out of one's mind and lost all normal understanding, or has grossly and openly repudiated the communist revolution."
为了不让人怀疑时机已定，让我们直接看看当今的共产主义领袖——约瑟夫·斯大林。他是这样说的——不是1928年，不是战前，也不是战争期间——而是在上一次战争结束两年后：“认为共产主义革命能够在基督教民主的框架内和平地进行，就意味着一个人不是疯得失去了一切常识，就是对共产主义革命进行公开的、粗暴的反对。”
And this is what was said by Lenin in 1919, which was also quoted with approval by Stalin in 1947: "We are living," said Lenin, "not merely in a state but in a system of states, and the existence of the Soviet Republic side by side with Christian states for a long time is unthinkable. One or the other must triumph in the end. And before that end supervenes, a series of frightful collisions between the Soviet Republic and the bourgeois states will be inevitable."
这里还有列宁在1919所说的话，这也在1947被斯大林批准引用：“我们生活在不仅一个国家里，”列宁说，“而是在一个国家体系中，而苏联共和国的存在与基督教国家并肩存在很长一段时间是不可想象的。其中一个最终必将胜利。在那个终结到来之前，苏维埃共和国和资产阶级国家之间的一系列可怕的冲突将不可避免。
Ladies and gentlemen, can there be anyone here tonight who is so blind as to say that the war is not on? Can there be anyone who fails to realize that the communist world has said, "The time is now" - - that this is the time for the showdown between the democratic Christian world and the communist atheistic world? Unless we face this fact, we shall pay the price that must be paid by those who wait too long.
女士们先生们，今晚在座的人有没有人能视而不见地说战争还没有开始？有没有人能意识不到共产主义世界已经说过“现在是时候了”———也就是说现在是民主基督教世界和共产主义无神论世界摊牌的时候？除非我们面对这个事实，否则我们将付出那些等待太久的人必须付出的代价。
Six years ago, at the time of the first conference to map out peace -- Dumbarton Oaks -- there was within the Soviet orbit 180 million people. Lined up on the anti-totalitarian side there were in the world at that time roughly 1.625 billion people.
六年前，在首次筹划和平的会议上——在邓巴顿橡树庄园——苏联势力范围内有1.8亿人。当时全世界大约有16.25亿人站在反极权主义的一边。
Today, only six years later, there are 800 million people under the absolute domination of Soviet Russia -- an increase of over 400 percent. On our side, the figure has shrunk to around 500 million. In other words, in less than six years the odds have changed from 9 to 1 in our favor to 8 to 5 against us. This indicates the swiftness of the tempo of communist victories and American defeats in the Cold War.
今天，仅仅过了六年，苏俄的绝对统治下有8亿人——增长了400%以上。在我们这边，这个数字已经缩小到5亿左右。换言之，在不到六年的时间里，比例从对我们有利的从9比1，变成了对我们不利的从8比5。这表明了冷战中共产主义胜利和美国失败的速度之迅疾。
As one of our outstanding historical figures once said, "When a great democracy is destroyed, it will not be because of enemies from without but rather because of enemies from within." The truth of this statement is becoming terrifyingly clear as we see this country each day losing on every front. At war's end we were physically the strongest nation on Earth and, at least potentially, the most powerful intellectually and morally. Ours could have been the honor of being a beacon in the desert of destruction, a shining, living proof that civilization was not yet ready to destroy itself.
正如我们一位杰出的历史人物曾经说过的那样：“当一个伟大的民主制度被摧毁，将不会是因为外部的敌人，而会是因为内部的敌人。”当我们看到这个国家一天天在各条战线上失利时，这一说法的真相变得骇人地清晰。在战争结束时，我们是地球上硬实力最强大的国家，至少在潜在来说，是智力和道德上最强大的国家。我们本可以荣幸地成为毁灭荒漠中的灯塔，一个闪亮的、活生生的证据，证明文明还没有步入自我毁灭。
Unfortunately, we have failed miserably and tragically to arise to the opportunity. The reason why we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because our only powerful, potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores, but rather because of the traitorous actions of those who have been treated so well by this nation. It has not been the less fortunate or members of minority groups who have been selling this nation out, but rather those who have had all the benefits that the wealthiest nation on earth has had to offer -- the finest homes, the finest college education, and the finest jobs in government we can give. This is glaringly true in the State Department. There the bright young men who are born with silver spoons in their mouths are the ones who have been worst.
不幸的是，我们在抓住这个机会上面失败得痛苦而悲哀。我们之所以发现自己处于无能为力的境地，不是因为我们唯一强大的潜在敌人派人入侵我们的海岸，而是因为那些受到这个国家如此优待的人的叛国行为。不是那些不幸的人或少数族裔的成员出卖了这个国家，而是那些拥有地球上最富有的国家所能提供的一切好处的人——最好的家园、最优的大学教育以及我们能提供的最佳的政府工作。在国务院里这个情况突出存在。在那里，喊着金钥匙出生的聪明青年们是最糟糕的。
Now I know it is very easy for anyone to condemn a particular bureau or department in general terms. Therefore, I would like to cite one rather unusual case -- the case of a man who has done much to shape our foreign policy. When Chiang Kai-shek was fighting our war, the State Department had in China a young man named John S. Service. His task, obviously, was not to work for the communization of China.
我知道，对任何人来说，笼统地地谴责某个机构或部门都很容易。因此，我想举出一个很不寻常的例子——这个例子是一个在制定我们的外交政策方面做了很多工作的人。当蒋介石替我们打仗的时候，国务院有一个年轻人叫约翰·S·谢伟思。显然，他的任务不是为中国的赤化而工作。
Strangely, however, he sent official reports back to the State Department urging that we torpedo our ally Chiang Kai-shek and stating, in effect, that communism was the best hope of China. Later, this man -- John Service -- was picked up by the Federal Bureau of Investigation for turning over to the communists secret State Department information.
然而，奇怪的是，他向国务院发回了官方报告，敦促我们毁灭我们的盟友蒋介石，并在实际上声称共产主义是中国的最大希望。后来，这个人——约翰·谢伟思——被联邦调查局抓获，因为他向共产党人提供了美国国务院的秘密情报。
Strangely, however, he was never prosecuted. However, Joseph Grew, the undersecretary of state, who insisted on his prosecution, was forced to resign. Two days after, Grew's successor, Dean Acheson, took over as undersecretary of state, this man -- John Service -- who had been picked up by the FBI and who had previously urged that communism was the best hope of China, was not only reinstated in the State Department but promoted; and finally, under Acheson, placed in charge of all placements and promotions. Today, ladies and gentlemen, this man Service is on his way to represent the State Department and Acheson in Calcutta -- by far and away the most important listening post in the Far East.
然而，奇怪的是，他从未被起诉。然而，坚持起诉他的副国务卿约瑟夫·格罗被迫辞职。两天后，格罗的继任者迪恩·艾奇逊接任国务次长，这个人——约翰·谢伟思——这个曾被FBI逮捕的并曾鼓吹共产主义是中国最大的希望的人，不仅在国务院复职，而且得到提拔；最后，在艾奇逊的领导下，他负责了所有人事安排和升迁工作。今天，女士们先生们，谢伟思本人正在前往加尔各答去代表国务院和艾奇逊——这是远东地区迄今最重要的情报站。
Now, let's see what happens when individuals with communist connections are forced out of the State Department. Gustave Duran, who was labeled as, I quote, "a notorious international communist," was made assistant secretary of state in charge of Latin American affairs. He was taken into the State Department from his job as a lieutenant colonel in the Communist International Brigade. Finally, after intense congressional pressure and criticism, he resigned in 1946 from the State Department -- and, ladies and gentlemen, where do you think he is now? He took over a high salaried job as chief of Cultural Activities Section in the office of the assistant secretary-general of the United Nations. ...
现在，让我们看看当有共产主义联系的人被迫离开国务院时会发生什么。古斯塔夫·杜兰，我引用一下，被称为“臭名昭著的国际共产主义者”，曾被任命为负责拉丁美洲事务的助理国务卿。他从共产国际旅中校岗位中被纳入国务院。最后，在国会的巨大压力和批评之后，他于1946年从国务院辞职——女士们先生们，你们认为他现在在哪里？他接任了联合国助理秘书长办公室文化活动科主任的高薪工作。...
This, ladies and gentlemen, gives you somewhat of a picture of the type of individuals who have been helping to shape our foreign policy. In my opinion the State Department, which is one of the most important government departments, is thoroughly infested with communists. I have in my hand 57 cases of individuals who would appear to be either card-carrying members or certainly loyal to the Communist Party, but who nevertheless are still helping to shape our foreign policy.
女士们，先生们，这给你们提供了关于一直在帮助制定我们外交政策的人员类型的大致情况。在我看来，国务院，作为最重要的政府部门之一，里里外外都滋生着共产主义者。我手上有57个个人，他们看起来要么是有证书的成员，要么肯定是忠于共产党的，但他们仍然在帮助我们制定外交政策。
One thing to remember in discussing the communists in our government is that we are not dealing with spies who get 30 pieces of silver to steal the blueprints of new weapons. We are dealing with a far more sinister type of activity because it permits the enemy to guide and shape our policy. This brings us down to the case of one Alger Hiss, who is important not as an individual anymore but rather because he is so representative of a group in the State Department.
在讨论我们政府中的共产主义者时要记住的一件事是，我们并不是在对付那些拿了30块银币去偷新武器蓝图的间谍。我们正在对付一种更加险恶的活动，因为它允许敌人指导和制定我们的政策。这让我们归结到一个阿尔杰·希斯例子，他不再是一个个人，而是因为他是如此代表一个团体在国务院。
It is unnecessary to go over the sordid events showing how he sold out the nation which had given him so much. Those are rather fresh in all of our minds. However, it should be remembered that the facts in regard to his connection with this international communist spy ring were made known to the then Undersecretary of State Berle three days after Hitler and Stalin signed the Russo-German Alliance Pact.
没有必要重温那些展示他如何出卖了那个给予了他那么多的国家的肮脏事件。这些在我们的头脑中都还历历在目。然而，应该记住的是，希特勒和斯大林签署俄德同盟条约三天后，当时的副国务卿贝勒就知道了他与这个国际共产主义间谍组织有关的事实。
At that time one Whittaker Chambers -- who was also part of the spy ring -- apparently decided that with Russia on Hitler's side, he could no longer betray our nation to Russia. He gave Undersecretary of State Berle -- and this is all a matter of record -- practically all, if not more, of the facts upon which Hiss' conviction was based. Undersecretary Berle promptly contacted Dean Acheson and received word in return that Acheson, and I quote, "could vouch for Hiss absolutely" -- at which time the matter was dropped.
当时，有个叫惠特克·钱伯斯的人——他也是间谍组织的一员——显然决定在俄罗斯站在在希特勒一边的情况下，他无法再向俄罗斯出卖我们的国家了。他将西斯的定罪所依据的几乎所有事实都交给了副国务卿钱伯斯，可能还不止于此——这是一个记录在案的问题。副国务卿伯勒立即联系了迪恩·艾奇逊，并得到了艾奇逊的回复，说道“绝对可以为他担保”，——于是此事没有了下文。
And this, you understand, was at a time when Russia was an ally of Germany. This condition existed while Russia and Germany were invading and dismembering Poland, and while the communist groups here were screaming "warmonger" at the United States for their support of the Allied nations.
你知道，当时俄罗斯是德国的盟友。这个情况发生时，俄罗斯和德国正在入侵和解体波兰，并且共产主义组织在本土称支持盟国的美国为“战争贩子”。
Again in 1943, the FBI had occasion to investigate the facts surrounding Hiss' contacts with the Russian spy ring. But even after that FBI report was submitted, nothing was done. Then, late in 1948 -- on August 5 -- when the Un-American Activities Committee called Alger Hiss to give an accounting, President Truman at once issued a presidential directive ordering all government agencies to refuse to turn over any information whatsoever in regard to the communist activities of any government employee to a congressional committee.
1943年，联邦调查局再次有机会调查希斯与俄罗斯间谍组织接触的事实。但即使在联邦调查局的报告被提交之后，也没有采取任何行动。然后，在1948年晚些时候的8月5日，当非美委员会打电话给阿尔杰·希斯做叙述时，杜鲁门总统立即发布了一项总统令，命令所有政府机构拒绝向国会委员会提交任何有关政府雇员共产主义活动的信息。
Incidentally, even after Hiss was convicted, it is interesting to note that the president still labeled the expose of Hiss as a "red herring." If time permitted, it might be well to go into detail about the fact that Hiss was Roosevelt's chief adviser at Yalta when Roosevelt was admittedly in ill health and tired physically and mentally ... and when, according to the secretary of state, Hiss and Gromyko drafted the report on the conference.
顺便说一句，即使在希斯被定罪后，总统仍然把揭露希斯贴上了“转移视线（译注：鲱鱼经烟熏后呈红色，气味浓烈，在17世纪时被逃犯用来干扰追踪他们的猎犬）”的标签。如果时间允许的话，我们不妨详细谈谈，希斯是罗斯福在雅尔塔的首席顾问，当时公认罗斯福的健康状况不佳，身心疲惫......据国务卿说，希斯和格罗米科起草了这次会议的报告。
According to the then-Secretary of State Stettinius, here are some of the things that Hiss helped to decide at Yalta: (1) the establishment of a European High Commission; (2) the treatment of Germany -- this you will recall was the conference at which it was decided that we would occupy Berlin with Russia occupying an area completely encircling the city, which as you know, resulted in the Berlin Airlift which cost 31 American lives; (3) the Polish question; (4) the relationship between UNRRA and the Soviet; (5) the rights of Americans on control commissions of Rumania, Bulgaria and Hungary; (6) Iran; (7) China -- here's where we gave away Manchuria; (8) Turkish Straitsquestion; (9) international trusteeships; (10) Korea.
根据时任国务卿斯特蒂纽斯的说法，以下是希斯在雅尔塔帮助决定的一些事情：（1）成立欧洲高级委员会；（2）德国的处置——你会记得，在这次会议上，我们决定占领柏林，而俄罗斯占领一个完全包围柏林的地区，正如你所知，这导致了“柏林空运”，造成31名美国人丧生；（3）波兰问题；（4）联合国善后救济署与苏联的关系；（5）罗马尼亚、保加利亚和匈牙利控制委员会的美国人的权利；（6）伊朗；（7）中国——我们在这儿将满洲拱手送人；（8）土耳其海峡问题；（9）国际托管；（10）朝鲜。
Of the results of this conference, Arthur Bliss Lane of the State Department had this to say: "As Iglanced over the document, I could not believe my eyes. To me, almost every line spoke of asurrender to Stalin." As you hear this story of high treason, I know that you are saying to yourself, "Well, why doesn't the Congress do something about it?"
在这次会议的结果中，国务院的阿瑟·布利斯·莱恩这样说：“当我浏览这份文件时，我简直不敢相信自己的眼睛。对我来说，每句话都在向斯大林投降。”在你听到这个叛国的故事时，我知道你在自言自语：“那么，为什么国会不对此做些什么呢？”
Actually, ladies and gentlemen, one of the important reasons for the graft, the corruption, the dishonesty, the disloyalty, the treason in high government positions -- one of the most important reasons why this continues -- is a lack of moral uprising on the part of the 140 million American people.
实际上，女士们先生们，政府高层贪污、腐败、不诚实、不忠诚、叛国的一个重要原因——这一现象持续的最重要原因之一——是1.4亿美国人民道德义举的缺乏。
In the light of history, however, this is not hard to explain. It is the result of an emotional hangover and a temporary moral lapse which follows every war. It is the apathy to evil which people who have been subjected to the tremendous evils of war feel. As the people of the world see mass murder, the destruction of defenseless and innocent people, and all of the crime and lack of morals which go with war, they become numb and apathetic. It has always been this after war.
然而，从历史的角度来看，这并不难解释。这是每一场战争之后情感上的宿醉和暂时的道德缺失的结果。遭受过战争巨大邪恶感受的人们，对邪恶感到漠不关心了。当全世界的人民看到大规模的谋杀，对手无寸铁的无辜人民的毁灭，以及伴随战争而来的所有犯罪和道德缺失时，他们变得麻木和冷漠。战后总是这样。
However, the morals of our people have not been destroyed. They still exist. This cloak of numbness and apathy has only needed a spark to rekindle them. Happily, this spark has finally been supplied.
但是，我们人民的道德并没有被破坏。它们仍然存在。这种麻木和冷漠的外衣只需要一个火花就能重新点燃它们。令人高兴的是，终于有了这个火花。
As you know, very recently the secretary of state proclaimed his loyalty to a man guilty of what has always been considered as the most abominable of all crimes -- of being a traitor to the people who gave him a position of great trust. The secretary of state, in attempting to justify his continued devotion to the man who sold out the Christian world to the atheistic world, referred to Christ's Sermon on the Mount as a justification and reason therefore, and the reaction of the American people to this would have made the heart of Abraham Lincoln happy.
如你所知，最近国务卿宣布效忠这样一个人，他犯下了一直被认为是所有罪行中最可憎的罪行——背叛了给予了他极大信任的人民。国务卿，在试图为其对那个出卖基督世界给无神论世界的人的持续忠诚辩护时，把基督的《登山训示》作为理由和原因，并美国人民对此的反应会使亚伯拉罕·林肯的心感到高兴。
When this pompous diplomat in striped pants, with a phony British accent, proclaimed to the American people that Christ on the Mount endorsed communism, high treason, and betrayal of a sacred trust, the blasphemy was so great that it awakened the dormant indignation of the American people.
当这位穿着条纹裤、操着假英国口音的浮夸外交官向美国人民宣布，山上的基督认可共产主义、叛国罪和背叛神圣信任时，亵渎如此之大，唤醒了美国人民沉睡的义愤。
He has lighted the spark which is resulting in a moral uprising and will end only when the whole sorry mess of twisted warped thinkers are swept from the national scene so that we may have a new birth of national honesty and decency in government.
他点燃了正引发道德义举的火花，只有当扭曲而反常思想者的可悲混乱局面被从全国范围内清除，我们得以在政府中令举国诚实和正直再生，它才会结束。
注：约瑟夫·麦卡锡于1950年2月发表本篇演讲警告美国的共产主义。他给出了在国务院工作的具体人名并列出了他们的犯罪行为，然而麦卡锡从未能够给出任何进一步的证据证明他们有罪。
Annotation: In February of 1950, Joseph McCarthy gave this speech warning of communism in America. He gave specific names of people working within the State Department and listed their crimes. Those individuals lost their jobs, even though McCarthy was never able to give any further evidence to prove their guilt.